An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. Aneurysms may result from congenital defects, preexisting conditions such as high blood pressure and atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries), or head trauma. Aneurysms most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta. Aneurysms may involve arteries or veins and have various causes. They are commonly further classified by shape, structure and location. Cerebral aneurysms occur more commonly in adults than in children but they may occur at any age. They are slightly more common in women than in men. Cerebral aneurysms are also more common in people with certain genetic diseases, such as connective tissue disorders and polycystic kidney disease, and certain circulatory disorders, such as arteriovenous malformations. Some investigators have speculated that oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing aneurysms. Aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Pain in the area of an aneurysm is a common symptom. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst.

Aneurysms that result from an infection in the arterial wall are called mycotic aneurysms. Cancer-related aneurysms are often associated with primary or metastatic tumors of the head and neck. It is known that men over the age of 60, and younger men with a brother or father who has had an aneurysm, are at risk. It is unclear why a person develops a brain aneurysm. It appears that aneurysms are related to an absence of a muscular layer that makes up part of the blood vessels that over time stretches and thins. An aneurysm may be small and not cause symptoms. An ultrasound examination of the abdomen is a very good way of finding an aneurysm. This is a painless procedure involving a lubricated probe pressing gently on the abdominal skin (over the aneurysm). Many cases of ruptured aneurysm can be prevented with early diagnosis and medical treatment. Because aneurysms can develop and become large before causing any symptoms, it is important to look for them in people who are at the highest risk.

Causes of Aneurysm

It is not clear exactly what cause
s aneurysms. Defects in some of the parts of the artery wall may be responsible. An aneurysm can result from atherosclerosis. Cerebral aneurysms occur more commonly in adults than in children but they may occur at any age. They are slightly more common in women than in men. Cerebral aneurysms are also more common in people with certain genetic diseases, such as connective tissue disorders and polycystic kidney disease, and certain circulatory disorders, such as arteriovenous malformations. Other causes include trauma or injury to the head, high blood pressure, infection, tumors. Some investigators have speculated that oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing aneurysms.

Symptoms of Aneurysm

There are many symptoms of a brain aneurysm and each person with an aneurysm may not experience the same symptoms. Small, unchanging aneurysms generally will not produce symptoms, whereas a larger aneurysm that is steadily growing may press on tissues and nerves. Before a larger aneurysm ruptures, the individual may experience such symptoms as a sudden and unusually severe headache, nausea, vision impairment, vomiting, and loss of consciousness, or the individual may be asymptomatic, experiencing no symptoms at all. Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm is dangerous and usually results in bleeding into the meninges or the brain itself, leading to a subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial hematoma, either of which constitutes a stroke.

Treatment of Aneurysm

Treatment depends on the size and location of the aneurysm and your overall health. Aneurysms in the upper chest (the ascending aorta) are usually operated on right away. Anticonvulsant medications can prevent seizures, analgesics may relieve headache symptoms, and calcium channel blockers can help widen narrowed blood vessels. Surgery is also usually required for aneurysms as introducing foreign material in the low flow veins can produce a high risk blood clotting environment. Patients who have suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage often need rehabilitative, speech, and occupational therapy to regain lost function and learn to cope with any permanent disability.

Abdominal pain is pain that is felt in the abdomen. This is often referred to as the stomach region or belly. Pain in the abdomen can come from any one of them. The pain may start somewhere else, such as your chest. Severe pain doesn’t always mean a serious problem. The abdomen is an anatomical area that is bounded by the lower margin of the ribs above, the pelvic bone below, and the flanks on each side. Abdominal pain is caused by inflammation (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis), by stretching or distention of an organ (e.g., obstruction of the intestine, blockage of a bile duct by gallstones, swelling of the liver with hepatitis), or by loss of the supply of blood to an organ (e.g., ischemic colitis). Abdominal pain can be acute and sudden in onset, or the pain can be chronic and longstanding.

Abdominal pain can be sharp, dull, stabbing, cramplike, knifelike, twisting, or boring. Many other types of pain are possible. The causes of abdominal pain depend on sex and age of the patient. Abdominal pain may be minor and of no great significance, or it can reflect a major problem involving one of the organs in the abdomen. A woman may have a twisted ovarian cyst while a man may have testicular torsion with a twisted testis. Treatment depends on the cause. The key is knowing when it’s just a minor problem like a mild stomach ache or when it’s something worse. Pain that persists can be a sign of a medical condition or illness. Very severe abdominal pain usually requires immediate medical care.

Causes of Abdominal pain

Possible causes include:
1. Excessive gas
2. Lactose intolerance

3. Giardia Lamblia
4. Hernia
5. Heartburn or indigestion
6. Diverticular disease, including inflammation of small pouches that form in the large intestines
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Ovarian Cysts
9. Pancreatic Cancer

Symptoms of Abdominal pain

In a woman who might be pregnant: severe pain that arises suddenly in the lower right or lower left abdomen, usually without vomiting or fever. Some people have constipation, while others have frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels and still others experience alternating constipation and diarrhea. Symptoms may vary from person to person. Severe pain that starts in the upper abdomen and often spreads to the sides and the back. The pain may flare up soon after a large meal, or six to 12 hours after an episode of heavy drinking.

Treatment of Abdominal pain

Medications are an important part of relieving symptoms. Activated charcoal capsules also may help. If the pain is high up in your abdomen and occurs after meals, antacids may provide some relief, especially if you feel heartburn or indigestion. Avoid citrus, high-fat foods, fried or greasy foods, tomato products, caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated beverages. Your doctor may suggest fiber supplements or occasional laxatives for constipation, as well as medicines to decrease diarrhea, tranquilizers to calm you, or drugs that control colon muscle spasms to reduce abdominal pain. Over-the-counter antacids, such as Tums, Maalox, or Pepto-Bismol, also can reduce some types of abdominal pain.

A wart is generally a small, rough tumor, typically on hands and feet, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. Warts can grow on all parts of your body. They
can grow on your skin, on the inside of your mouth, on your genitals and on your rectal area. Warts on the skin may be passed to another person when that person touches the warts. It is also possible to get warts from using towels or other objects that were used by a person who has wIt is also possible to get warts from using towels or other objects that were used by a person who has warts. Warts on the genitals are very contagious and can be passed to another person during oral, vaginal or anal sex.arts. Warts are usually painless with the exception of the warts on the soles of the feet. Common warts are different from moles, and they aren’t cancerous. In fact, they’re usually harmless and often disappear on their own.

Warts are rarely seen on children under the age of three, but after this age they become more frequent. In women, warts can grow on the cervix (inside the vagina), and a woman may not know she has them. A tiny cut or scratch can make any area of skin more vulnerable to warts. Also, if your child picks at a wart, it can spread to other parts of the body. Warts don’t generally cause any problems, so it’s not always necessary to have them removed, unless you have concerns. Another reason to treat warts is to prevent them from spreading further. Treatment helps prevent common warts from spreading to other parts of your body or to other people. But common warts may recur after treatment, and they may be a persistent problem. The doctor can also freeze warts and verrucas away with liquid nitrogen. Often several freezing treatments will be necessary before the warts are totally removed.

Causes of Warts

Common warts are a type of infection caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus family.  Some types of warts - such as genital warts are quite contagious, but the chance of catching common warts from another perso
n is small. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus viruses. Some types of human papillomavirus tend to cause warts on the skin, while other human papillomavirus types tend to cause warts on the genitals and rectal area. Some people are more naturally resistant to the human papillomavirus viruses and don’t seem to get warts as easily as other people. Warts usually spread through breaks in your skin, such as a hangnail or scrape. Biting your nails can also cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails.

Symptoms of Warts

Common warts appear most often on the tops of the fingers and hands, usually along the cuticles, as rough, thick, cauliflowerlike papules that develop solitarily or in large numbers. They often contain one or more tiny black dots, which are sometimes called wart seeds but are actually small, clotted blood vessels. Flat warts are small, slightly elevated, flat-topped, pink or tan papules, are smoother than the common wart, and have minimal scale. They occur primarily on the face, arms, and legs, and a person can have several, even hundreds of them. Ano-genital warts are flesh to gray in color, grow in mucous membranes, and vary in size from small, shiny papules, to large cauliflowerlike lesions. They can extend internally into the vagina and cervix, the rectal area, and inside the urethra.

Treatment of Warts

Often warts disappear on their own, although it may take many months, or even years, for the warts to go away. But some warts won’t go away on their own. There are several over-the-counter options. The most common ones involve salicylic acid. These products are readily available at drugstores and supermarkets. Removing a wart with salicylic acid requires a strict regimen of cleaning the area, applying the acid, and removing the dead skin with a pumice stone or emery board. Salicylic acid preparations are available as drops, gels, pads, and plasters. They are designed to apply to all kinds of warts, from tiny ones to great, big lumpy ones.

Eczema is a form of dermatitis , or inflammation of the upper layers of the skin. There are different types of dermatitis, and the disorder can have many causes and occur in many forms. Generally, dermatitis describes swollen, reddened and itchy skin. Approximately 10 percent to 20 percent of the world population is affected by this chronic, relapsing, and very itchy rash at some point during childhood. Fortunately, many children with eczema find that the disease clears and often disappears with age. In general, atopic dermatitis will come and go, often based on external factors. Although its cause is unknown, the condition appears to be an abnormal response of the body’s immune system . People with eczema often have a family history of the condition or a family history of other allergic conditions, such as asthma or hay fever. Eczema might look different in different persons, and may occur in different parts of the body to different person. In adults, eczema most often develops on the hands and elbows, and in “bending” areas such as the inside of the elbows and back of the knees. In young children, eczema most often develops on the elbows, knees, face, neck, and scalp.

It is a disorder of the skin like psoriasis and it is related to malfunctions of the immune system. Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a mild inflammation of the skin. It may occur at any time at infancy, later in childhood, or even an adult can suffer from it. Symptoms of eczema may include red, itchy skin and sores that ooze and crust over. One out of ten children develops eczema, but more than half of them lose it by the time they reach their teens. It is a chronic inflammation of skin categorized by scaly and itching rashes. Dermatitis is a common condition that isn’t life-threatening or contagious. But, it can make you feel uncomfortable and self-conscious. A combination of self-care steps and medications can help you treat dermatitis.

Causes of Eczema

In most cases there is a familial predisposition. Atopy ( aller
gic rhinitis , asthma and hay fever ) is the term doctors use to describe this predisposition. However, the environment plays a significant role as well (such as heat in the summer and dry winters). There are two types of eczema. Atopic eczema is thought to be a hereditary condition . People with atopic eczema are sensitive to allergens in the environment which are harmless to others. In atopic eczema there is an excessive reaction by the immune system. This type of eczema can worsen after eating certain foods or after being exposed to other allergens such as pollen or dust. Atopic eczema can be a long-term condition. Contact dermatitis is the most common form of the condition and is often the result of an allergic reaction after touching something. This type of eczema can be caused by many irritants including feathers, metals, wool, plants and animal hair, soaps and detergents, bubble bath, cosmetics, fabric dyes, etc.

Symptoms of Eczema

1. Itchy blisters

2. Itching

3. Redness on skin

4. Dry and flaky skin

5. Inflammation on skin

6. Rough and thickened skin.

Treatment of Eczema

1. Avoid frequent use of soaps, hot water, and other cleansing procedures (especially if you have a dry skin type) that tend to remove natural oil from the skin.

2. Topical corticosteroids , reduce inflammation in the skin and are usually safe and very effective in curing eczema when used correctly. Mild corticosteroids are generally used for children and on the face and flexures, eg crease of the elbow, behind the knees etc.

3. A very common treatment for treating eczema involves - applying lotions, creams, or ointments to keep the skin as moist as possible.

4. The use of immunosuppressant medicines , may be tried to bring the inflammation of skin under control.

5. Gamolenic acid (evening primrose extract) is an alternative remedy sometimes used to treat eczema. They increase the level of essential fatty acid.

Dark circles are mainly found around the eyes and they are also known as “bags under the eyes”. These black rings make us look exhausted and ill. They are very obvious and annoying. They are difficult to cover up and even harder to get rid of. In short, they are the bane of many people’s lives. There are many contributing factors to the development of these dark circles and even more things that can make them worse. Some factors are unavoidable like age and ill health but many can be prevented and treated easily. Almost everyone gets dark circles under their eyes from time to time. Dark circles under eyes usually are temporary and not a medical concern. You may be surprised to learn that fatigue usually isn’t the cause of dark circles. Instead, the most common cause is nasal congestion. When your nose is congested, veins that usually drain from your eyes into your nose become widened (dilated) and darker. Another cause of undereye circles is eyelid swelling during sleep. When you lie down, gravity can cause fluid to collect in your lower eyelids. This swelling may create the appearance of shadows below your eyes. In addition, dark circles can result from chronic skin conditions, such as atopic eczema. Dark circles can also run in families. Over-the-counter products may help diminish dark circles under eyes. Look for skin creams that contain vitamin C or K, alpha hydroxy acid and kinetin.

Causes of Dark Circles

1. A family history of dark circles, increases the chances to get affected by dark circles.

2. Smoking, increases the chances of dark circles

3. Insaomnia is the main cause of dark circles.

4.The deficiency of vitamin K in the diet, is the main factor of causing dark circles.

5. Any abnormalities in the adrenal gland, can lead to the disorder of dark circles because adrenal glands are associated with the stress, which inturn may cause dark circles.

Treatment of Dark Circles

The tips of preventing the dark circles are as:-

1. Try to avoid the caffeine, because they promotes water retention and lead to the dryness of the eye.

2. Apply concealer to the darkened areas. If the circles under your eyes tend to be very purple, use concealer with a yellowish tone.

3. Grapeseed oil is an antioxidant that has been found effective for reducing eyestrain.

4. Eat a green leaf vegetables daily.

5. Ascorbic acid, that contains bioflavinoids is very effective to keep healthy eyes.